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1095年11月18日,在法国的克莱芒地区,召开了一场历史性的宗教动员和誓师大会,来自西欧四面八方的贵族,骑士和平民们汇聚一堂,旌旗烈烈,盔甲鲜明,在中央平台上的站着的,正是当时罗马天主教的教皇乌尔班(Urban)二世。由于东方唐帝国的崛起,突厥人不得不向西迁移来寻求自己的发展空间。其中的一支由塞尔柱率领的,入侵了拜占庭帝国。于是,拜占廷皇帝亚历克修斯一世不得不向教皇和西欧诸基督教国家求援,就有了上面所描述的那一幕。 乌尔班二世精神抖擞,肩膀上面扛着圣物“真十字架”(据说是当年钉死基督的木头碎片做的),开始了中世纪史——也许是人类历史上影响最大,最成功的一次演讲。这场由法文做的,共四页的演讲词被完整的记录了下来,其荡气回肠,余音数百年不绝,即便是现在念起来,依然让人热血澎湃: 引用 “正如你们所知,一个来自波斯的民族,塞尔柱突厥人已经入侵我们东方兄弟的国家,他们一路攻到地中海,直到布拉·圣乔治,在罗马尼亚,突厥人七次攻打基督教徒,七次获胜,又侵占了我们的圣地——耶路撒冷,他们在大肆蹂躏上帝的国度,毁坏基督教堂,掳杀虔诚的上帝子民,污辱贞洁的妇女,贪婪地饮着受洗儿童的鲜血。如果让那些魔鬼的奴隶统治主所信任的子民,那将是件多么令人羞耻的事。” “如果你们仍然无动于衷,上帝的信徒就会在这次入侵中牺牲更多,所以我要勉励你们,也恳求你们——不是我,是主亲自勉励你们,基督的使者们,督促一切有封爵等级之人,乃至所有骑士、士兵、富人与穷人,都必须迅速予以东方基督教徒援助。把凶恶的民族赶出我们的领土,我告诉在座的各位,也通知不在场的人:这是主的旨意。” “让我们投入一场神圣的战争——一场为主而重获圣地的伟大的十字军东征吧!让一切争辨和倾轧休止,登上赴圣地的征途吧!从那个邪恶的种族手中夺回圣地吧!” “那个地方(耶路撒冷),如同《圣经》所言,是上帝赐与以色列后嗣的,遍地流着奶和蜜。耶路撒冷是大地的中心,其肥沃和丰富超过世界上的一切土地,是另一个充满欢娱快乐的天堂。我们这里到处都是贫困、饥饿和忧愁,连续七年的荒年,到处都是凄惨的景象,老人几乎死光了,木匠们不停地钉着棺材,母亲们悲痛欲绝地抱着孩子的尸体。东方是那么的富有,金子、香料、胡椒俯身可拾,我们为什么还要在这里坐以待毙呢?” “一个遭人蔑视,受撒旦支配的堕落民族,若是战胜了一心崇拜上帝,以身为基督教徒而自豪的民族,会是多大的耻辱啊!如果你们找不到配得上基督教徒这个身份的士兵,主该怎样责备你们啊!” “让那些从前十分凶狠地因私事和别人争夺的人,现在为了上帝去同异教徒斗争吧!——这是一场值得参加,终将胜利的战斗。让那些过去做强盗的人,现在去为基督而战,成为基督的骑士吧!让那些过去与自己的亲朋兄弟争斗不休的人,现在理直气壮地同那些亵渎圣地的野蛮人战斗吧!让那些为了微薄薪水而拼命劳动的人,在东方的征途中去取得永恒的报酬吧!身心交瘁的,将会为双倍的荣誉而劳动,他们在这里悲惨穷困,在那里将富裕快乐。现在他们是主的敌人,在那里将成为主的朋友!” “毫不迟疑地到东方去吧!凡是要去的人都不要再等待,赶紧回去料理好事务,筹备足经费,置办好行装,于冬末春初之际,奋勇地踏上向东的征途!” “本着主赐予我的权柄,我郑重宣布:凡参加东征的人,他们死后的灵魂将直接升入天堂,不必在炼狱中经受煎熬;无力偿还债务的农民和城市的贫民,可免付欠债利息,出征超过一年的可免纳赋税。凡动身前往的人,假如在途中,不论在陆地或海上,或在反异教徒的战争中失去生命的,他们的罪愆将在那一瞬间获得赦免,并得到天国永不朽灭的荣耀。” “向着东方出发吧!不要犹豫,不要彷徨,为荣耀我主,去吧!” 乌尔班二世演讲完毕,下面已经是群情激昂,数千人齐声呼喊“如上帝所愿!",接下来的几日中,八万人云集莱茵河畔,兵分四路,浩浩荡荡的向耶路撒冷进发,前后八次,延续近两百年的十字军东征,大幕就此揭开。 真的很羡慕中世纪那个剑与十字交相辉映的时代,也只有在那个时代,才会诞生出这么伟大的演讲,为一个信念,数万人统一的跪在耶路撒冷城下,企求耶利哥城的奇迹重现;为一个信念,无论是贵族还是平民前仆后继的和阿拉伯骑兵 殊死搏杀。即便是后来林肯,罗斯福反奴隶制,反纳粹的演讲,虽然都可以算做“最著名的演讲100篇”之列,但所谓人权和自由神圣性远远小于上帝,所谓保家卫国的激励性远远小于直升天国。从这两个角度讲,这篇演讲可谓是空前的,估计也是绝后的,希望有天我能找到法文原文,一定要背诵下来。 上面的汉语是从英文翻译过来的一部分,英文的版本如下: 引用 "Oh, race of Franks, race from across the mountains, race beloved and chosen by God, - as is clear from many of your works,- set apart from all other nations by the situation of your country as well as by your Catholic faith and the honor which you render to the holy Church: to you our discourse is addressed, and for you our exhortations are intended. We wish you to know what a grievous cause has led us to your country, for it is the imminent peril threatening you and all the faithful which has brought us hither.
From the confines of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople a grievous report has gone forth and has -repeatedly been brought to our ears; namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race wholly alienated from God, `a generation that set not their heart aright and whose spirit was not steadfast with God,' violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire. They have led away apart of the captives into their own country, and a part have they have killed by cruel tortures. They have either destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness....The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and has been deprived of territory so vast in extent that it could be traversed in two months' time. "On whom, therefore, is the labour of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you, you upon whom, above all other nations, God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the heads of those who resist you ? Let the deeds of your ancestors encourage you and incite your minds to manly achievements:-the greatness of King Charlemagne, and of his son Louis, and of your other monarchs, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the Turks and have extended the sway of Church over lands previously possessed by the pagan. Let the holy sepulcher of our Lord and Saviour, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially arouse you, and the holy places which are now treated, with ignominy and irreverently polluted with the filth of the unclean. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, do not degenerate; our progenitors., but recall the valor of your progenitors. "But if you are hindered by love of children, parents, or of wife, remember what the Lord says in the Gospel, `He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me', 'Every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life.' Let none of your possessions retain you, nor solicitude for you, family affairs. For this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage war, and that very many among you perish in intestine strife.' "Let hatred therefore depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher-, wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. That land which, as the Scripture says, `floweth with milk and honey' was given by God into the power of the children of Israel. Jerusalem is the center of the earth ; the land is fruitful above all others, like another paradise of delights. This spot the Redeemer of mankind has made illustrious by his advent, has beautified by his sojourn, has consecrated by his passion, has redeemed by his death, has glorified by his burial. "This royal city, however, situated at the center of the earth, is now held captive by the enemies of Christ and is subjected, by those who do not know God, to the worship the heathen. She seeks, therefore, and desires to be liberated and ceases not to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all other nations great glory in arms. Accordingly, undertake this journey eagerly for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the reward of imperishable glory in the kingdon of heaven.." When Pope Urban had urbanely said thes and very similar things, he so centered in one purpose the desires all who were present that all cried out, " It is the will of God! I It is the will of God" When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, with eyes uplifted to heaven, he gave thanks to God and, commanding silence with his hand, said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, `Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them'; for unless God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry; since, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry as one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted is in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let that then be your war cry in combats, because it is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: 'It is the will of God! It is the will of God!' Deus vult! Deus Vult! "And be neither command nor advise that the old or those incapable of bearing arms, undertake this journey. Nor ought women to set out at all without their husbands, or brother, or legal guardians. For such are more of a hindrance than aid, more of a burden than an advantage. Let the rich aid the needy and according to their wealth let them take with them experienced soldiers. The priests and other clerks, whether secular or regulars are not to go without the consent of their bishop; for this journey would profit them nothing if they went without permission. Also, it is not fitting that laymen should enter upon the pilgrimage without the blessing of their priests. "Whoever, therefore, shall determine upon this holy pilgrimage, and shall make his vow to God to that effect, and shall offer himself to him for sacrifice, as a living victim, holy and acceptable to God, shall wear the sign of the cross of the Lord on his forehead or on his breast. When, indeed, he shall return from his journey, having fulfilled his vow, let him place the cross on his back between his shoulders. Thus shall ye, indeed, by this twofold action, fulfill the precept of the Lord, as lie commands in the Gospel, 'he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me."'
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