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广东中山湖南郴州安仁侯松林HOUSON外贸贸易外销国际销售业务

Hot tub with inner ring：尼日尔（Niger）

orming a ring around the inner circumference of the tub.

Factory,manufacturer,exporter,producer,supplier,company of Hot tub with inner ring
水疗按摩浴缸、卫浴浴室设备、蒸汽房、干蒸房、湿蒸房、桑拿房、淋浴房、斋缸-制造商、生产商、工厂厂家、出口商、销售商、供应商


侯松林HOUSON，毕业于长春工程学院，老家湖南郴州安仁，现在在广东中山，邮箱：houson86@yahoo.cn，手机：13590912876，MSN：houson86@hotmail.com，QQ：332416379，博客：http://songzihou.blog.bokee.net。Houson, MSN: houson86@hotmail.com, QQ: 1019372449, Mobile: 0086-0-1359-0912-876, Blog: http://songzihou.blog.bokee.net


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Niger (pronounced http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English; French pronunciation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French), officially the Republic of Niger, is a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked country in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Africa, named after the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River. It borders http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin to the south, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali to the west, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya to the north and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad to the east. The capital city is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey. Niger is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world, with over 80% of its territory covered from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara desert. The economy is concentrated around subsistence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture and export of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium ore, and remains handicaped by the country's landlocked position, shortage of skilled professionals, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption and internal instability.


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//http://""While most of what is now Niger has been subsumed into the inhospitable http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara desert in the last two thousand years, five thousand years ago the north of the country was fertile grasslands. Populations of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism have left paintings of abundant wildlife, domesticated animals, chariots, and a complex culture that dates back to at least 10,000 BCE.

One of the first empires in what is now Niger was the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire. During recent centuries, the nomadic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg formed large confederations, pushed southward, and, siding with various http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people states, clashed with the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_Empire of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto, which had gained control of much of the Hausa territory in the late 18th century.

In the 19th century, contact with the West began when the first European explorers—notably http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Park_(explorer) (British) and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Barth (German)—explored the area, searching for the source of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River. Although http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France efforts at "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification" began before 1900, dissident ethnic groups, especially the desert http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg, were not fully subdued until 1922, when Niger became a French colony.

Niger's colonial history and development parallel that of other http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa territories. France administered its West African colonies through a governor general in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal, and governors in the individual territories, including Niger. In addition to conferring French citizenship on the inhabitants of the territories, the 1946 French constitution provided for decentralization of power and limited participation in political life for local advisory assemblies.

http://"" on December 4, 1958, Niger became an autonomous state within the French Community. Following full independence on August 3, 1960, however, membership was allowed to lapse.

http://"" Niger is a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked nation in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa located along the border between the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa regions. Its http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system are http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude 16°N and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude 8°E. Its area is 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_mile) of which 300 square kilometres (115 sq mi) is water. This makes Niger slightly less than twice the size of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas, and the world's twenty-second largest country (after http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad). Niger is comparable in size to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola.

Niger borders seven countries on all sides and has a total of 5,697 kilometres (3,540 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile) of borders. The longest border is with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria to the south (1,497 km; 930 mi). This is followed by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad to the east, at 1,175 kilometres (730 mi), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria to the north-northwest (956 km; 594 mi), and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali at 821 kilometres (510 mi). Niger also has small borders in its far southwest frontier with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso at 628 kilometres (390 mi) and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin at 266 kilometres (165 mi) and to the north-northeast (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya at 354 kilometres (220 mi).

Niger's http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical climate is mainly very hot and dry, with much http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert area. In the extreme south there is a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical climate on the edges of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River basin. The terrain is predominantly desert plains and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dune, with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north.

The lowest point is the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River, with an elevation of 200 metres (722 ft). The highest point is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Idoukal-n-Tagh%C3%A8s in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Massif at 2,022 metres (6,634 ft).

See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Niger http://""For its first fourteen years as an independent state, Niger was run by a single-party civilian regime under the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Niger of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamani_Diori. In 1974, a combination of devastating http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought and accusations of rampant http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption resulted in a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat that overthrew the Diori regime. Col. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyni_Kountch%C3%A9 and a small military group ruled the country until Kountché's death in 1987. He was succeeded by his Chief of Staff, Col. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Saibou, who released http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoners, liberalized some of Niger's laws and policies, and promulgated a new http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution. However, President Saibou's efforts to control political reforms failed in the face of union and student demands to institute a multi-party http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy. The Saibou regime acquiesced to these demands by the end of 1990. New political parties and civic associations sprang up, and a national peace conference was convened in July 1991 to prepare the way for the adoption of a new constitution and the holding of free and fair elections. The debate was often contentious and accusatory, but under the leadership of Prof. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Salifou, the conference developed consensus on the modalities of a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_government. A transition government was installed in November 1991 to manage the affairs of state until the institutions of the Third Republic were put into place in April 1993. While the economy deteriorated over the course of the transition, certain accomplishments stand out, including the successful conduct of a constitutional http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum; the adoption of key legislation such as the electoral and rural codes; and the holding of several free, fair, and non-violent nationwide elections. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press flourished with the appearance of several new independent newspapers.

The results of the January 1995 parliamentary election meant http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitation_(politics) between a rival president and prime minister; this led to governmental paralysis, which provided Col. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Bar%C3%A9_Ma%C3%AFnassara a rationale to overthrow the Third Republic in January 1996. While leading a military authority that ran the government (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conseil_de_Salut_National&action=edit&redlink=1) during a 6-month transition period, Baré enlisted specialists to draft a new constitution for a Fourth Republic announced in May 1996. Baré organized a presidential election in July 1996. While voting was still going on, he replaced the electoral commission. The new commission declared him the winner after the polls closed. His party won 57% of parliament seats in a flawed legislative election in November 1996. When his efforts to justify his http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup and subsequent questionable elections failed to convince donors to restore http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral economic assistance, a desperate Baré ignored an international http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargo against http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya and sought Libyan funds to aid Niger's economy. In repeated violations of basic civil liberties by the regime, opposition leaders were imprisoned; journalists often arrested, and deported by an unofficial militia composed of police and military; and independent media offices were looted and burned.

As part of an initiative started under the 1991 national conference, however, the government signed peace accords in April 1995 with all, meaning http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubou groups that had been in rebellion since 1990. The Tuareg claimed they lacked attention and resources from the central government. The government agreed to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life.

On April 9, 1999, Baré was killed in a coup led by Maj. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daouda_Malam_Wank%C3%A9, who established a transitional National Reconciliation Council to oversee the drafting of a constitution for a Fifth Republic with a French style http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system. In votes that international observers found to be generally free and fair, the Nigerien electorate approved the new constitution in July 1999 and held legislative and presidential elections in October and November 1999. Heading a coalition of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Movement_for_a_Developing_Society (MNSD) and the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Convention (CDS), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja won the election.

Niger's new constitution was approved in July 1999. It restored the semi-presidential system of government of the December 1992 constitution (Third Republic) in which the president of the republic, elected by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage for a five-year term, and a prime minister named by the president share http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_power. As a reflection of Niger's increasing population, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Niger was expanded in 2004 to 113 deputies elected for a 5 year term under a majority system of representation. Political parties must attain at least 5% of the vote in order to gain a seat in the legislature.

The constitution also provides for the popular election of municipal and local officials, and the first-ever successful municipal elections took place on July 24, 2004. The National Assembly passed in June 2002 a series of decentralization bills. As a first step, administrative powers will be distributed among 265 communes (local councils); in later stages, regions and departments will be established as decentralized entities. A new electoral code was adopted to reflect the decentralization context. The country is currently divided into 8 regions, which are subdivided into 36 districts (departments). The chief administrator (Governor) in each department is appointed by the government and functions primarily as the local agent of the central authorities.

The current legislature elected in December 2004 contains seven political parties. President http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja was re-elected in December 2004 and reappointed Hama Amadou as Prime Minister. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamane_Ousmane, the head of the CDS, was re-elected President of the National Assembly (parliament) by his peers. The new second term government of the Fifth Republic took office on December 30, 2002. In August 2002, serious unrest within the military occurred in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffa, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguigmi, but the government was able to restore order within several days.

In June 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyni_Oumarou was nominated as the new Prime Minister after Hama Amadou was democratically forced out of office by the National Assembly through a motion of no confidence.

From 2007 to 2008, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Tuareg_Rebellion took place in northern Niger, worsening economic prospects and shutting down political progress.

http://"" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Niger_admin.pngAdministrative subdivisions of the Republic of Niger, post 1992.Main articles: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Niger, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Niger, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_NigerNiger is divided into 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Niger and one capital district. These Regions are subdivided into 36 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Niger. The 36 Departments are currently broken down into Communes of varying types. As of 2006 there were 265 communes, including communes urbaines (Urban Communes: as subdivisions of major cities), communes rurales (Rural Communes, in sparsely populated areas and postes administratifs (Administrative Posts) for largely uninhabited desert areas or military zones. Rural communes may contain official villages and settlements, while Urban Communes are divided into quarters. Niger subvisions were renamed in 2002, in the implementation of a decentralisation project, first begun in 1998. Previously, Niger was divided into 7 Departments, 36 Arrondissements, and Communes. These subdivisions were administered by officials appointed by the national government. These offices will be replaced in the future by democratically elected councils at each level.

The departments and capital district are:











http://"" world as well as nonaligned countries. It belongs to the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations and its main specialized agencies and in 1980-81 served on the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council. Niger maintains a special relationship with France and enjoys close relations with its http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa neighbors. It is a charter member of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union and the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Union and also belongs to the http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger_River_Basin_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1 and http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Chad_Basin_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Islamic_Conference and the http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1 (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OHADA&action=edit&redlink=1). The westernmost regions of Niger are joined with contiguous regions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso under the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptako-Gourma_Authority.

The border dispute with Benin, inherited from colonial times and concerning inter alia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_Island in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Niger was finally solved by the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICJ in 2005 to Niger's advantage.

http://"" The Niger Armed Forces total 12,000 personnel with approximately 3,700 gendarmes, 300 air force, and 6,000 army personnel. The air force has four operational transport aircraft. The armed forces include general staff and battalion task force organizations consisting of two paratroop units, four light armored units, and nine motorized infantry units located in Tahoua, Agadez, Dirkou, Zinder, Nguigmi, N'Gourti, and Madewela. Since January 2003, Niger has deployed a company of troops to Côte d’Ivoire as part of the ECOWAS stabilization force. In 1991, Niger sent four hundred military personnel to join the American-led allied forces against Iraq during the Gulf War.

Niger's defense budget is modest, accounting for about 1.6% of government expenditures. France provides the largest share of military assistance to Niger. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China, and Libya have also provided military assistance. Approximately 15 French military advisers are in Niger. Many Nigerien military personnel receive training in France, and the Nigerien Armed Forces are equipped mainly with material either given by or purchased in France. In the past, U.S. assistance focused on training pilots and aviation support personnel, professional military education for staff officers, and initial specialty training for junior officers. A small foreign military assistance program was initiated in 1983. A U.S. Defense Attaché office opened in June 1985 and assumed Security Assistance Office responsibilities in 1987. The office closed in 1996 following a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat. A U.S. Defense Attaché office reopened in July 2000. The United States provided transportation and logistical assistance to Nigerien troops deployed to Cote d’Ivoire in 2003. Additionally, the U.S. provided initial equipment training on vehicles and communications gear to a select contingent of Nigerien soldiers as part of the Department of State http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Sahel_Initiative.

http://""http://"%5d%5bcolor="#002bb8


Air transport
Niger's main http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diori_Hamani_International_Airport at Niamey. Other http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Niger include http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Dayak_International_Airport at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadez and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinder_Airport near http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinder.

http://"" The economy of Niger centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Drought cycles, desertification, a 2.9% population growth rate, and the drop in world demand for uranium have undercut the economy.

Niger shares a common currency, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA_franc, and a common central bank, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States (BCEAO), with seven other members of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Union.

In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavily_Indebted_Poor_Countries (HIPC) and concluded an agreement with the Fund for http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_Reduction_and_Growth_Facility (PRGF). Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs geared at poverty reduction. In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral debt relief from the IMF, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately $86 million USD in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. Nearly half of the government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. Future growth may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources. Uranium prices have recovered somewhat in the last few years. A drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2.5 million Nigeriens.

http://"" is generated by livestock production—http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camels, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_goat, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle—said to support 29% of the population. The 15% of Niger's land that is arable is found mainly along its southern borders with Nigeria, Benin and Burkina Faso. Rainfall varies and when insufficient, Niger has difficulty feeding its population and must rely on grain purchases and food aid to meet food requirements. Although the rains in 2000 were not good, the three following years brought relatively plentiful and well-distributed rainfall, resulting in good harvests. Millet, sorghum, and cassava are Niger's principal rain-fed subsistence crops. Cowpeas and onions are grown for commercial export, as are limited quantities of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_seeds.

http://"", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum also have been found in Niger.

http://"" price slump has brought lower revenues for Niger's uranium sector, although uranium still provides 72% of national export proceeds. The nation enjoyed substantial export earnings and rapid economic growth during the 1960s and 1970s after the opening of two large uranium mines near the northern town of Arlit. When the uranium-led boom ended in the early 1980s, however, the economy stagnated, and new investment since then has been limited. Niger's two uranium mines—SOMAIR's open pit mine and COMINAK's underground mine—are owned by a French-led consortium and operated by French interests. However, as of 2007, many licences have been given to other companies from countries such as Canada and Australia in order to exploit new deposits.

http://"" are known to exist in Niger in the region between the Niger River and the border with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso. On October 5, 2004, President Tandja announced the official opening of the http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samira_Hill_Gold_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1 in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_Department and the first Nigerien gold http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingot was presented to him. This marked a historical moment for Niger as the Samira Hill Gold Mine represents the first commercial gold production in the country. Samira Hill is owned by a company called SML (Societe des Mines du Liptako) which is a joint venture between a Moroccan company, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societe_Semafo, and a Canadian company, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_Resources. Both companies own 80% (40% - 40%) of SML and the Government of Niger 20%. The first year’s production is predicted to be 135,000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_weight (4,200 kg; 9,260 lb http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoirdupois) of gold at a cash value of USD 177 per ounce ($5.70/g). The mine reserves for the Samira Hill mine total 10,073,626 tons at an average grade of 2.21 grams per ton from which 618,000 troy ounces (19,200 kg; 42,400 lb) will be recovered over a 6 year mine life. SML believes to have a number of significant gold deposits within what is now recognized as the gold belt known as the "Samira Horizon", which is located between http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotheye&action=edit&redlink=1 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouallam.

http://""


Oil
Niger has oil potential. In 1992, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djado permit was awarded to Hunt Oil, and in 2003 the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenere permit was awarded to the China National Petroleum Company. An http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas joint venture was sold sole rights to the http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agadem_block&action=edit&redlink=1, in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffa_Region north of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad, but never went beyond exploration. In June 2008, the government transferred the Agadem block rights to CNPC. Niger announced that in exchange for the USD$5 Billion investment, the Chinese company would build wells, 11 of which would open by 2012, a 20,000 barrel a day refinery near http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinder and a pipeline out of the nation. The government estimates the area has reserves of 324 million barrels, and is seeking further oil in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenere_Desert and near http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilma

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